Optimisation of 3D printed concrete for artificial reefs: Biofouling and mechanical analysis

Protection, restoration, and regeneration of aquatic habitats are an increasingly important issue requiring intensive research. In the marine environment, artificial reefs may be deployed to help offset habitat loss, increase local biodiversity stimulate recovery ecosystems. This study aimed at fabrication by 3D printing. framework European INTERREG Atlantic Area collaborative project “3DPARE”, six printed concrete formulations with limited environmental impact, based on geopolymer or cement CEM III binders recycled sands, were immersed in along British, French, Portuguese Spanish coasts. The colonisation samples micro- macroorganisms their durability assessed after 1, 3 6 months immersion. Results showed that both parameters better compared geopolymer-based formulations. Therefore use should prioritised over these for reef applications.